解剖学和形态学
麻醉学
听力与言语-语言病理学
行为科学
心脏和心血管系统
细胞和组织工程学
临床神经病学
危重症监护医学
牙科,口腔外科和医学
皮肤病学
急诊医学
内分泌学和新陈代谢
肠胃学和肝脏学
老人病学和老年医学
卫生保健科学和服务
血液学
免疫学
传染病
综合和补充性医学
医学伦理学
医学信息学
医学实验室技术
医学,全科和内科
医学,法律
医学,研究和试验
神经系统科学
护理
营养学和饮食学
产科医学和妇科医学
肿瘤学
眼科学
整形外科学
耳鼻喉科学
病理学
儿科学
周围血管疾病
药理学和药剂学
生理学
基本医疗保健
精神病学
公共、环境和职业卫生
放射学,核医学和医学成像
康复学
生殖生物学
呼吸系统
风湿病学
运动科学
外科学
毒理学
热带医学
泌尿学和肾脏学
病毒学
老年医学
健康政策和服务
心理学,临床
abstract::How is adaptability generated in a system composed of interacting cellular machineries, each with a separate and functionally critical job to perform? The machinery for organelle inheritance is precisely one such system, requiring coordination between robust and ancient cellular modules, including the cell cycle, cyto...
journal_title:Molecular biology and evolution
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/molbev/msr264
更新日期:2012-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::In phylogenetic inference, an evolutionary model describes the substitution processes along each edge of a phylogenetic tree. Misspecification of the model has important implications for the analysis of phylogenetic data. Conventionally, however, the selection of a suitable evolutionary model is based on heuristics or...
journal_title:Molecular biology and evolution
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/molbev/msr259
更新日期:2012-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Various nucleotide substitution models have been developed to accommodate among lineage rate heterogeneity, thereby relaxing the assumptions of the strict molecular clock. Recently developed "uncorrelated relaxed clock" and "random local clock" (RLC) models allow decoupling of nucleotide substitution rates between des...
journal_title:Molecular biology and evolution
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/molbev/msr228
更新日期:2012-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Although many phylogenetic studies have focused on developing hypotheses about relationships, advances in data collection and computation have increased the feasibility of collecting large independent data sets to rigorously test controversial hypotheses or carefully assess artifacts that may be misleading. One such r...
journal_title:Molecular biology and evolution
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/molbev/msr230
更新日期:2012-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Transposable elements are widespread mobile DNA sequences able to integrate into new locations within genomes. Through transposition and recombination, they significantly contribute to genome plasticity and evolution. They can also regulate gene expression and provide regulatory and coding sequences (CDSs) for the evo...
journal_title:Molecular biology and evolution
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/molbev/msr208
更新日期:2012-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Whether higher-order chromatin organization is related to genome stability over evolutionary time remains elusive. We find that regions of conserved gene order across the genus Drosophila are larger if they harbor genes bound by B-type lamin (Lam) and Suppressor of Under-Replication (SUUR), two proteins located at the...
journal_title:Molecular biology and evolution
pub_type: 信件
doi:10.1093/molbev/msr178
更新日期:2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Epidemiological processes leave a fingerprint in the pattern of genetic structure of virus populations. Here, we provide a new method to infer epidemiological parameters directly from viral sequence data. The method is based on phylogenetic analysis using a birth-death model (BDM) rather than the commonly used coalesc...
journal_title:Molecular biology and evolution
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/molbev/msr217
更新日期:2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Although whole-organism aspects of life-history physiology are well studied and molecular information (e.g., transcript abundance) on life-history variation is accumulating rapidly, much less information is available on the biochemical (enzymological) basis of life-history adaptation. The present study investigated th...
journal_title:Molecular biology and evolution
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/molbev/msr171
更新日期:2011-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The serial coalescent extends traditional coalescent theory to include genealogies in which not all individuals were sampled at the same time. Inference in this framework is powerful because population size and evolutionary rate may be estimated independently. However, when the sequences in question are affected by se...
journal_title:Molecular biology and evolution
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/molbev/msr153
更新日期:2011-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Natural selection is expected to act strongly on immune system genes as hosts adapt to novel, diverse, and coevolving pathogens. Population genetic studies of host defense genes with parallel functions in model organisms have revealed distinct evolutionary histories among the different components-receptors, adaptors, ...
journal_title:Molecular biology and evolution
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/molbev/msr137
更新日期:2011-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Phylogenomic analyses have revealed several important metazoan clades, such as the Ecdysozoa and the Lophotrochozoa. However, the phylogenetic positions of a few taxa, such as ctenophores, chaetognaths, acoelomorphs, and Xenoturbella, remain contentious. Thus, the findings of qualitative markers or "rare genomic chang...
journal_title:Molecular biology and evolution
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/molbev/msr142
更新日期:2011-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Whole-genome comparisons provide insight into genome evolution by informing on gene repertoires, gene gains/losses, and genome organization. Most of our knowledge about eukaryotic genome evolution is derived from studies of multicellular model organisms. The eukaryotic phylum Apicomplexa contains obligate intracellula...
journal_title:Molecular biology and evolution
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/molbev/msr103
更新日期:2011-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Vitamin B(12) (cobalamin) is a dietary requirement for humans because it is an essential cofactor for two enzymes, methylmalonyl-CoA mutase and methionine synthase (METH). Land plants and fungi neither synthesize or require cobalamin because they do not contain methylmalonyl-CoA mutase, and have an alternative B(12)-i...
journal_title:Molecular biology and evolution
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/molbev/msr124
更新日期:2011-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::TATA box, the core promoter element, exists in a broad range of eukaryotes, and the expression of TATA-containing genes usually responds to various environmental stresses. Hence, the evolution of TATA-box in duplicate genes may provide some clues for the interrelationship among environmental stress, expression differe...
journal_title:Molecular biology and evolution
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/molbev/msr116
更新日期:2011-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Hox genes encode a family of transcriptional regulators that operate differential developmental programs along the anteroposterior axis of bilateral animals. Regulatory changes affecting Hox gene expression are believed to have been crucial for the evolution of animal body plans. In Drosophila melanogaster, Hox expres...
journal_title:Molecular biology and evolution
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/molbev/msr073
更新日期:2011-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Ribosomal DNA (rDNA) is one of the most conserved genes in eukaryotes. The multiples copies of rDNA in the genome evolve in a concerted manner, through unequal crossing over and/or gene conversion, two mechanisms related to homologous recombination. Recombination increases local GC content in several organisms through...
journal_title:Molecular biology and evolution
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/molbev/msr079
更新日期:2011-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Indirect tests have detected recombination in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from many animal lineages, including mammals. However, it is possible that features of the molecular evolutionary process without recombination could be incorrectly inferred by indirect tests as being due to recombination. We have identified one s...
journal_title:Molecular biology and evolution
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/molbev/msr076
更新日期:2011-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::There are many more selectively constrained noncoding than coding nucleotides in the mammalian genome, but most mammalian noncoding DNA is subject to weak selection, on average. One of the most striking discoveries to have emerged from comparisons among mammalian genomes is the hundreds of noncoding elements of more t...
journal_title:Molecular biology and evolution
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/molbev/msr093
更新日期:2011-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The little fire ant, Wasmannia auropunctata, displays a peculiar breeding system polymorphism. Classical haplo-diploid sexual reproduction between reproductive individuals occurs in some populations, whereas, in others, queens and males reproduce clonally. Workers are produced sexually and are sterile in both clonal a...
journal_title:Molecular biology and evolution
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/molbev/msr082
更新日期:2011-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::DNA polymerase γ is a family A DNA polymerase responsible for the replication of mitochondrial DNA in eukaryotes. The origins of DNA polymerase γ have remained elusive because it is not present in any known bacterium, though it has been hypothesized that mitochondria may have inherited the enzyme by phage-mediated non...
journal_title:Molecular biology and evolution
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/molbev/msr041
更新日期:2011-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The third chromosome of Drosophila pseudoobscura is polymorphic for numerous gene arrangements that form classical clines in North America. The polytene salivary chromosomes isolated from natural populations revealed changes in gene order that allowed the different gene arrangements to be linked together by paracentri...
journal_title:Molecular biology and evolution
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/molbev/msr039
更新日期:2011-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Since the endosymbiotic origin of chloroplasts from cyanobacteria 2 billion years ago, the evolution of plastids has been characterized by massive loss of genes. Most plants and algae depend on photosynthesis for energy and have retained ∼110 genes in their chloroplast genome that encode components of the gene express...
journal_title:Molecular biology and evolution
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/molbev/msr028
更新日期:2011-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::A major theoretical consequence of selection at a locus is the genetic hitchhiking of linked sites (selective sweep). The extent of hitchhiking around a gene is related to the strength of selection and the rate of recombination, with its impact diminishing with distance from the selected site. At the Rop-1 locus of th...
journal_title:Molecular biology and evolution
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/molbev/msr006
更新日期:2011-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Rubisco (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase; EC 4.1.1.39), the most abundant protein in nature, catalyzes the assimilation of CO(2) (worldwide about 10(11) t each year) by carboxylation of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate. It is a hexadecamer consisting of eight large and eight small subunits. Although the Rubis...
journal_title:Molecular biology and evolution
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/molbev/msr008
更新日期:2011-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Understanding genome and chromosome evolution is important for understanding genetic inheritance and evolution. Universal events comprising DNA replication, transcription, repair, mobile genetic element transposition, chromosome rearrangements, mitosis, and meiosis underlie inheritance and variation of living organism...
journal_title:Molecular biology and evolution
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/molbev/msr011
更新日期:2011-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Despite its poorly adapted codon usage, HIV-1 replicates and is expressed extremely well in human host cells. HIV-1 has recently been shown to package non-lysyl transfer RNAs (tRNAs) in addition to the tRNA(Lys) needed for priming reverse transcription and integration of the HIV-1 genome. By comparing the codon usage ...
journal_title:Molecular biology and evolution
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/molbev/msr005
更新日期:2011-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Heterotachy is a general term to describe positions that evolve at different rates in different lineages. Heterotachy also can generally be viewed as multivariate rates-across-sites variation, which can be described as randomly drawing rates (or branch lengths) from a multivariate distribution for each branch at each ...
journal_title:Molecular biology and evolution
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/molbev/msq346
更新日期:2011-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The evolution of mitochondria from ancestral bacteria required that new protein transport machinery be established. Recent controversy over the evolution of these new molecular machines hinges on the degree to which ancestral bacterial transporters contributed during the establishment of the new protein import pathway...
journal_title:Molecular biology and evolution
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/molbev/msq305
更新日期:2011-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Drosophila melanogaster, unlike mammals, has seven insulin-like peptides (DILPS). In Drosophila, all seven genes (dilp1-7) are single copy in the 12 species studied, except for D. grimshawi with two tandem copies of dilp2. Our comparative analysis revealed that genes dilp1-dilp7 exhibit differential functional constra...
journal_title:Molecular biology and evolution
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/molbev/msq353
更新日期:2011-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The role of adaptation in the divergence of lineages has long been a central question in evolutionary biology, and as multilocus sequence data sets have become available for a wide range of taxa, empirical estimates of levels of adaptive molecular evolution are increasingly common. Estimates vary widely among taxa, wi...
journal_title:Molecular biology and evolution
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/molbev/msq270
更新日期:2011-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Inactivation of the X chromosome in the male germ line has been suggested to contribute to the excess of gene movement off the X chromosome and the paucity of X-linked male-biased genes that have been observed in Drosophila species. Recent experimental work has demonstrated the transcriptional inactivation of the X ch...
journal_title:Molecular biology and evolution
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/molbev/msq355
更新日期:2011-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Unlike mammals, fish are able to regenerate axons in their central nervous system. This difference has been partly attributed to the loss/acquisition of inhibitory proteins during evolution. Nogo-A--the longest isoform of the reticulon4 (rtn4) gene product--is commonly found in mammalian myelin where it acts as a pote...
journal_title:Molecular biology and evolution
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/molbev/msq313
更新日期:2011-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Rubisco, the primary photosynthetic carboxylase, evolved 3-4 billion years ago in an anaerobic, high CO(2) atmosphere. The combined effect of low CO(2) and high O(2) levels in the modern atmosphere, and the inability of Rubisco to distinguish completely between CO(2) and O(2), leads to the occurrence of an oxygenation...
journal_title:Molecular biology and evolution
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/molbev/msq335
更新日期:2011-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Pseudogenes are defined as nonfunctional DNA sequences with homology to functional protein-coding genes, and they typically contain nonfunctional mutations within the presumptive coding region. In theory, pseudogenes can also be caused by mutations in upstream regulatory regions, appearing as open reading frames with ...
journal_title:Molecular biology and evolution
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/molbev/msq298
更新日期:2011-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::The spontaneous deamination of cytosine produces uracil mispaired with guanine in DNA, which will produce a mutation, unless repaired. In all domains of life, uracil-DNA glycosylases (UDGs) are responsible for the elimination of uracil from DNA. Thus, UDGs contribute to the integrity of the genetic information and the...
journal_title:Molecular biology and evolution
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/molbev/msq318
更新日期:2011-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Genetic studies of Tibetans, an ethnic group with a long-lasting presence on the Tibetan Plateau which is known as the highest plateau in the world, may offer a unique opportunity to understand the biological adaptations of human beings to high-altitude environments. We conducted a genome-wide study of 1,000,000 genet...
journal_title:Molecular biology and evolution
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/molbev/msq277
更新日期:2011-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The geographic origin and time of dispersal of Austroasiatic (AA) speakers, presently settled in south and southeast Asia, remains disputed. Two rival hypotheses, both assuming a demic component to the language dispersal, have been proposed. The first of these places the origin of Austroasiatic speakers in southeast A...
journal_title:Molecular biology and evolution
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/molbev/msq288
更新日期:2011-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Simple sequence repeats (SSRs) or microsatellites are a common component of genomes but vary greatly across species in their abundance. We tested the hypothesis that this variation is due in part to AT/GC content of genomes, with genomes biased toward either high AT or high CG generating more short random repeats that...
journal_title:Molecular biology and evolution
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/molbev/msq266
更新日期:2011-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Alu is a predominant short interspersed element (SINE) family in the human genome and consists of two monomer units connected by an A-rich linker. At present, dimeric Alu elements are active in humans, but Alu monomers are present as fossilized sequences. A comparative genome analysis of human and chimpanzee genomes r...
journal_title:Molecular biology and evolution
pub_type: 信件
doi:10.1093/molbev/msq218
更新日期:2011-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The genetic basis of organisms' adaptation to different environments is a central issue of molecular evolution. The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and its relatives predominantly ferment glucose into ethanol even in the presence of oxygen. This was suggested to be an adaptation to glucose-rich habitats, but th...
journal_title:Molecular biology and evolution
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/molbev/msq184
更新日期:2011-01-01 00:00:00